Understanding the structural origin of the anomalous properties of SiO₂ liquid and glass is of great interest in a wide range of scientific fields. The fraction of the S state with tetrahedral symmetry structure is considered to be the controlling parameter of the anomalous properties of SiO₂ liquid in theoretical studies. However, it has not been well identified in experiments. In this work, we find experimental evidence of tetrahedral symmetry breaking in SiO₂ glass under pressure.

Understanding the structural origin of the anomalous properties of SiO₂ liquid and glass is fundamental not only in physics, but also in geophysics, in understanding the nature of silicate magmas in the Earth and other planets, and in materials science as a prototype network-forming glass. Theoretical studies of SiO₂ liquid suggest that the second shell structure of silicon is the key to understanding the anomalous properties of SiO₂ liquid at high temperatures and high pressures. A structural parameter z (z=ji – j’i, where ji and j’i is the distance from each silicon atom i to the fifth nearest silicon neighbor j and to the fourth nearest oxygen neighbor j’) was developed to investigate the second shell structure in SiO₂ liquid. The theoretical study found a bimodal distribution in the structural parameter z with varying temperatures, and the S and p states are assigned to the high and low distributions in the parameter z, respectively. The low-density S state in SiO₂ liquid consists of four silicon neighbor atoms in the first shell and exhibits high tetrahedral order with clear separation between the first and second shell. On the other hand, the p state has more silicon neighbor atoms in the first shell and shows lower tetrahedral order than the S state. The fraction of the S state with high tetrahedrality is considered to be the controlling parameter of the anomalous properties of SiO₂ liquid at high temperatures and high pressures in theoretical studies. However, there has been no experimental observation of the structure of the silicon’s second shell in SiO₂ liquid and/or glass at high temperature and/or high pressure conditions.
In this work, we carried out in situ high-pressure pair distribution function measurement of SiO₂ glass by utilizing high flux and high energy X-rays from undulator sources at BL37XU and BL05XU beamlines in SPring-8. By combining the high-pressure experimental structure factor [S(Q)] precisely determined by using monochromatic X-ray at a wide range of Q up to 19-20 Å-1 with the MD (molecular dynamics simulation)-RMC (reverse Monte Carlo) modelling, we were able to investigate in detail the structural behavior of SiO₂ glass beyond the nearest neighbor distances under in situ high pressure conditions. We found bimodal features in the translational order of the silicon’s second shell in terms of the structural parameter z. The bimodal behavior in the distribution of the parameter z observed in SiO₂ glass with varying pressure in this study is consistent with that simulated in SiO₂ liquid with varying temperatures in the theoretical study. The structure of SiO₂ glass with the characteristic distribution of the parameter z at 2.4-2.7 Å shows that a tetrahedral symmetry structure formed from the nearest four silicon atoms in the first shell, and the first and second shells are clearly separated as the fifth neighbor silicon atom locates in the second shell (Fig. 1). The structural feature corresponds to the low-density S state structure reported in the theoretical study of SiO₂ liquid. On the other hand, the structure of SiO₂ glass with the characteristic distribution of z at 1.7 Å shows that the fifth neighbor silicon atom locates in the first shell (Fig. 1), which indicates collapse of the silicon’s second shell onto the first shell and the breaking of the local tetrahedral symmetry in SiO₂ glass under pressure, as well as theoretical observation in SiO₂ liquid at high temperatures and high pressures.

Reference URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-30028-w

Bibliographic Information

Experimental evidence of tetrahedral symmetry breaking in SiO₂ glass under pressure, Yoshio Kono, Koji Ohara, Nozomi M. Kondo, Hiroki Yamada, Satoshi Hiroi, Fumiya Noritake, Kiyofumi Nitta, Oki Sekizawa, Yuji Higo, Yoshinori Tange, Hirokatsu Yumoto, Takahisa Koyama, Hiroshi Yamazaki, Yasunori Senba, Haruhiko Ohashi, Shunji Goto, Ichiro Inoue, Yujiro Hayashi, Kenji Tamasaku, Taito Osaka, Jumpei Yamada, and Makina Yabashi, Nature Communications, 13, 2292, DOI：10.1038/s41467-022-30028-w, 2022.

Fundings

• Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), KAKENHI Grant Number: 20H00201 and 19KK0093.

Media

• 

  Structural features of SiO₂ glass under pressure.

  Translational order in SiO₂ glass as a function of the parameter z obtained in our experiment with MD-RMC modelling and MD simulation with BKS model at 0 and 5.2 GPa, and the structural features of SiO₂ glass with the characteristic distribution of z=2.4 Å at 0 GPa and z=1.7 Å at 5.2 GPa.

  credit : Yoshio Kono, Ehime University
  Usage Restriction : Please get copyright permission